Evolution of Erdoğan's Victory Speeches From 2002 To 2023

What does explain this politically, economically, and strategically costly decision that has not brought any added value to Turkey’s military power or defense? Lisel Hintz and David E. Banks argues that S-400s, thanks to the government propaganda, have turned into a political symbol of defiance against the U.S. and strategic autonomy so much that President Erdogan could not retract his S-400 decision. Although Hintz and Banks’ article provides a strong theoretical background to understand Ankara’s S-400 decision, the issue still provides opportunities for new studies.

Erdogan's blackmailing diplomacy led to a loss of credibility and a lack of trust about Turkey. While Turkey's demands were mostly rejected, it eventually gave up its leverage occasionally with modest gains.

War-weary Europe is anxiously waiting for a sign of an end to the conflict in Ukraine. In 2023, the world witnessed ongoing brutal Russian aggressions, stiff Ukrainian resistance and an unsuccessful counterattack, and indecisive actions by the United States that worried European leaders who continue to support Ukraine and impose sanctions on Russia. As the war persists, its political and economic toll on the continent has escalated.